知識ベース検索

- **Income inequality**: Wages and earnings; Gini coefficient; top 1% share; wage distribution - **Wealth inequality**: Assets minus debts; far more unequal than income; inherited wealth; housing wealth - **Health inequality**: Life expectancy gaps by class, race, geography; access to healthcare; so...

- **Absolute mobility**: Are people better off than their parents? (Generally yes in growing economies) - **Relative mobility**: Does one's position in income distribution differ from parents? (Much harder) - **Intergenerational earnings elasticity**: Correlation between parent and child income; hig...

- **Cultural reproduction**: Educational system reproduces class inequality through cultural capital transmission - **Hidden curriculum**: Schools teach not just knowledge but dispositions, behaviors, and values of dominant class - **Credential inflation**: More education required for same jobs; ben...

- **Digital labor**: Social media users produce value (data, content) without compensation; "if the product is free, you are the product" - **Surveillance capitalism (Zuboff)**: Tech companies extract behavioral surplus to predict and modify behavior for profit - **Platform society**: Digital platfo...

- **Economics**: Class analysis; labor markets; welfare state; inequality measurement; economic sociology - **Philosophy**: Justice; rights; freedom; communitarian vs liberal debate; ethics of care - **Political Science**: Social movements; voting behavior; political socialization; state theory; dem...

- Inequality rewards effort and innovation; redistribution reduces incentives; equality of opportunity matters more than equality of outcome; global inequality has decreased; poverty, not inequality, is the real problem - Sources: Mankiw, "Defending the One Percent" (2013); Hayek, *The Constitution ...

- Inequality undermines democracy; reduces social mobility; harms health (Wilkinson & Pickett); violates fairness; progressive taxation; strengthening labor rights; universal basic services - Sources: Piketty, *Capital in the Twenty-First Century* (2014); Stiglitz, *The Price of Inequality* (2012); ...

- Piketty, Thomas. *Capital in the Twenty-First Century* (2014) - Wilkinson & Pickett. *The Spirit Level* (2009) - Tachibanaki Toshiaki (橘木俊詔). *Confronting Income Inequality in Japan* (2005)

- **Non-regular employment (非正規雇用)**: ~37% of workforce; significant wage gap with regular employees; concentrated among women and young workers - **Gender wage gap**: Women earn ~75% of men's wages; "M-curve" labor force participation; limited leadership representation - **Generational inequality**...

- **Global**: Extreme poverty declined significantly; but within-country inequality rising in most advanced economies - **Japan**: Gini coefficient ~0.33 (moderate); growing non-regular employment; child poverty rate ~13.5%; relative poverty significant - **US**: Gini ~0.39; top 1% hold ~30% of weal...

- **Neoclassical view**: Inequality reflects marginal productivity differences; incentivizes effort - **Piketty thesis (r > g)**: When returns on capital exceed growth, inequality self-reinforces - **Marxist view**: Inequality is structural feature of capitalism, not aberration - **Rawlsian constrai...

- **Housing as commodity vs right**: Market good with investment properties vs basic human need requiring provision - **Supply constraints**: Zoning restrictions, building regulations, NIMBY opposition, geographic constraints, slow construction - **Demand drivers**: Population growth, urbanization, ...

- **Free trade argument**: Comparative advantage, consumer surplus, efficiency - **Protectionist argument**: Infant industry, strategic trade, domestic employment - **Dependency theory**: Free trade perpetuates global inequality (center-periphery)

- **Convergence vs. divergence**: neoclassical theory predicts poor countries grow faster and *converge*; the historical record shows mostly *divergence* (the gap widened for two centuries) with **conditional convergence** (catch-up only given the right institutions/human capital) and a recent parti...

- **Definition**: Composite index of life expectancy, education (mean/expected years of schooling), and income (GNI per capita PPP) - **Created by**: UNDP; Amartya Sen's capability approach influence - **Advantages**: Goes beyond GDP; includes non-monetary dimensions of development - **Limitations**...

- **Definition**: Measure of income or wealth inequality; ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality) - **Calculation**: Based on Lorenz curve — cumulative share of income against cumulative share of population - **Uses**: Cross-country comparison; tracking inequality over time - **Li...

- **Scenario**: If everyone freely pays to watch Wilt Chamberlain play basketball, resulting inequality is just — because it arose from voluntary exchange - **Point**: Any patterned theory of justice requires continuous interference with individual liberty - **Critique**: Ignores starting conditions...

- **Economic inequality and insecurity**: Populist appeal to those left behind by globalization - **Identity threat**: Demographic change (immigration, diversity) triggers authoritarian reaction (Stenner) - **Institutional weakness**: Poorly designed constitutions; weak rule of law; judiciary withou...

- **Economic transformation**: Agricultural to industrial economy; factory system; urbanization; wage labor - **Political consequences**: Rise of bourgeoisie; working class formation; trade unions; socialist movements - **Child labor, pollution, inequality**: Generated reform movements; Factory Acts...

- **Public goods provision**: Defense, law, infrastructure, education - **Redistribution**: Correcting market-generated inequality - **Regulation**: Preventing exploitation, environmental destruction, financial crises - **Coordination**: Solving collective action problems