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「fallacy」の検索結果：20件（5分野）
論理学 14
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy
A **fallacy** is a pattern of reasoning that is psychologically persuasive but logically defective. The system's detector (`analyzer/fallacy.py`) ships 35 named fallacies with Japanese and Latin names, severity, examples, and counter-strategies; the `fallacy` CLI command and the web app surface them...
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy / 4.1 Formal Fallacies (defects of logical form)
- **Affirming the consequent** — see §2.
- **Denying the antecedent** — see §2.
- **Undistributed middle** — see §2.
- **Fallacy of Composition** ⚙: what is true of the parts is inferred true of the whole ("each soldier is expendable, so the army is expendable"). Note the *paradox of thrift*: indivi...
12. The Fallacy Fallacy and the Limits of Logic-Chopping
- **The fallacy fallacy (argumentum ad logicam)**: concluding that a claim is *false* because an argument *for* it is fallacious. A poorly argued true claim is still true. Detecting a fallacy refutes the *argument*, not necessarily the *conclusion*.
- **Logic is necessary but not sufficient**: valid...
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy / 4.7 Analyzer Cross-Reference Table (every fallacy `analyzer/fallacy.py` detects)
The detector ships these named fallacies (each with Japanese/Latin names, severity, example, and counter-strategy). Use this table to connect a flagged fallacy to its theory above and its honest counter-move.
| Fallacy (analyzer) | Category | Type above | One-line counter-strategy |
|---|---|---|--...
Logic — Reasoning and Argumentation
Logic is the discipline that studies the principles of valid inference. For political reasoning it is the master tool: it lets us separate *what follows* from *what merely sounds persuasive*, expose hidden premises, and grade the strength of competing arguments. This file gives the full apparatus — ...
14. Glossary of Core Terms
- **Argument**: premises offered in support of a conclusion.
- **Premise**: a statement offered as a reason.
- **Conclusion**: the statement the premises are meant to support.
- **Valid**: (deductive) the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
- **Sound**: valid + all premises true.
- **S...
13. How to Use This File in Analysis
1. **Find the conclusion** (inference indicators) and reconstruct the argument charitably (steelman).
2. **Classify the inference**: deductive (test validity), inductive (test strength + evidence quality), or abductive (test against rival explanations).
3. **Run the Toulmin grid**: surface the hidde...
11. Worked Examples (logic applied to real political arguments) / Example G — sorites / continuum fallacy weaponized
> "There's no precise income at which someone stops being 'middle class,' so the whole category is meaningless and we shouldn't target tax relief by class."
- **Continuum fallacy** (§10b): vagueness of a boundary does not abolish the distinction (a bald man exists though "bald" is vague). The right ...
11. Worked Examples (logic applied to real political arguments) / Example C — composition / division
> "Every department cut its budget and became more efficient, so cutting the whole government's budget will make government more efficient."
- **Fallacy of composition** (§4.1): macro effects (aggregate demand, cross-department dependencies) need not mirror the parts. Cross-ref the paradox of thrift...
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy / 4.5 Causal and Statistical Fallacies
- **Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc** ⚙ (前後即因果の誤謬): "after, therefore because."
- **False Cause** ⚙ (偽の原因): mistaking correlation, coincidence, or a common cause for direct causation. Cross-ref: `data_science.md` on confounders, reverse causation, and identification strategies.
- **Texas Sharpshooter** ⚙ ...
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy / 4.3 Fallacies of Presumption (unwarranted assumptions)
- **Circular Reasoning / Begging the Question** ⚙ (循環論法): the conclusion is smuggled into the premises.
- **False Dilemma / False Dichotomy** ⚙ (偽の二者択一): presenting two options when more exist ("either total free markets or total state control").
- **Slippery Slope** ⚙ (滑り坂論法): claiming one step ine...
11. Worked Examples (logic applied to real political arguments) / Example F — base rate neglect / prosecutor's fallacy
> "Our facial-recognition system is 99% accurate, so if it flags you at the protest, you're almost certainly guilty."
- **Base-rate neglect (§7c)**: among 100,000 attendees with, say, 100 true suspects, a 1% false-positive rate flags ~1,000 innocents vs. ~99 of the guilty — so a flagged person is **...
4. The Complete Fallacy Taxonomy / 4.2 Fallacies of Relevance (premises miss the point)
- **Ad Hominem** ⚙ (人身攻撃): attacking the person, not the argument. Subtypes: *abusive*, *circumstantial* ("you only say that because of your job"), *tu quoque*.
- **Tu Quoque** ⚙ (お前だって論法): "you do it too" — deflecting criticism rather than answering it.
- **Whataboutism** ⚙: a strategic tu quoque d...
7c. Statistical Reasoning Fallacies
Innumeracy is a master source of political error. The most consequential traps:
- **Base-rate neglect** ⚙-adjacent (§7): ignoring prior probability. The classic "screening paradox" — a 99%-accurate test for a 1-in-10,000 condition flags far more false positives than true ones (terrorist-detection, ...
経済学 2
Common Fallacies in Economic Arguments (Expanded)
1. **Ceteris paribus fallacy**: Holding all else equal when it cannot be
2. **Composition fallacy**: What's true for individual is true for economy (paradox of thrift)
3. **Post hoc ergo propter hoc**: Policy preceded outcome, therefore caused it
4. **Model reification**: Treating simplified models ...
Logical Patterns in Economic Arguments
1. **Ceteris paribus fallacy**: Holding all else equal when it cannot be
2. **Composition fallacy**: What's true for individual is true for economy (paradox of thrift)
3. **Post hoc ergo propter hoc**: Policy preceded outcome, therefore caused it
4. **Model reification**: Treating simplified models ...
データサイエンス 2
Common Statistical Fallacies / Gambler's Fallacy / Hot Hand Fallacy
- **Gambler's fallacy**: Believing past events affect probability of future independent events ("we're due for a win")
- **Hot hand fallacy**: Believing streaks are more likely than chance predicts (though recent research shows hot hand may exist in some contexts)
- **Political application**: "This ...
Common Statistical Fallacies / Ecological Fallacy
- **Definition**: Inferring individual-level relationships from group-level data
- **Example**: Rich districts vote for Candidate A; therefore rich individuals vote for Candidate A (may not be true — rich individuals in rich districts may vote differently from poor individuals in those same district...
学際的テーマ 1
Meta-Principle: Levels of Analysis
Always specify the **level** at which a claim operates and beware sliding between them:
- **Individual** (micro): preferences, psychology, choices.
- **Institutional / organizational** (meso): rules, incentives, organizations.
- **Structural / systemic** (macro): class, world-system, culture, long-r...
社会学 1
Debate Toolkit for Sociological Arguments / Distinguishing Levels of Analysis
- **Micro**: Individual behavior, interactions, meanings
- **Meso**: Organizations, communities, networks
- **Macro**: Societies, global systems, structural forces
- **Key**: Don't confuse explanations at different levels; ecological fallacy (macro to micro); composition fallacy (micro to macro)