知識ベース検索

- **Panopticon (Bentham/Foucault)**: Architectural design where inmates cannot tell if they are being watched; produces self-discipline - **Dataveillance**: Systematic monitoring of personal data by governments and corporations - **Surveillance as sorting**: Not just watching but categorizing; creat...

- **Labeling theory (Becker)**: Deviance is not inherent in an act but in the label applied by society; "moral entrepreneurs" define deviance - **Strain theory (Merton)**: Deviance results from gap between cultural goals and institutional means; innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion - **Socia...

- **Disciplinary power**: Modern power operates through surveillance and normalization, not force - **Discourse**: Knowledge systems define what is thinkable and sayable - **Biopower**: State management of populations (health, reproduction, mortality) - **Governmentality**: The "conduct of conduct";...

- Durkheim, Emile. *The Division of Labor in Society* (1893) - Weber, Max. *Economy and Society* (1922) - Marx, Karl & Engels, Friedrich. *The Communist Manifesto* (1848) - Bourdieu, Pierre. *Distinction* (1979) - Foucault, Michel. *Discipline and Punish* (1975) - Gramsci, Antonio. *Prison Notebooks...

- Hegemony (Gramsci): ruling through consent, not just coercion - Discourse (Foucault): power/knowledge determines what is thinkable - Symbolic violence (Bourdieu): domination accepted as natural through culture - Media framing: shaping perception through selective emphasis

- Steven Lukes, *Power: A Radical View* (1974); Antonio Gramsci, *Prison Notebooks* (1929–35); Michel Foucault, *Discipline and Punish* (1975); Pierre Bourdieu, *Distinction* (1979). - John Rawls, *A Theory of Justice* (1971); Robert Nozick, *Anarchy, State, and Utopia* (1974); Amartya Sen, *The Ide...

| Lens (Theme) | Core question it asks | Key thinkers | Characteristic blind spot | |---|---|---|---| | Power (T1) | Who dominates, how, and through what (economic/political/cultural)? | Weber, Lukes, Gramsci, Foucault | Can see power everywhere, agency nowhere | | Justice (T2) | What should be dist...

#### AI and Automation - **Job displacement**: Will AI eliminate more jobs than it creates? Historical precedent (Industrial Revolution) vs unprecedented speed - **Algorithmic bias**: AI systems reproduce and amplify societal biases (hiring, criminal justice, lending) - **Autonomous decisions**: Who...

- **Core claim**: "the Orient" is a discursive construction produced by Western scholarship, literature, and administration that represents the East as exotic, irrational, despotic, and feminine — the constitutive Other against which a rational, masculine "West" defines itself. - **Power/knowledge**...

- **Enrique Dussel — "transmodernity" and the philosophy of liberation**: Europe's "modernity" is the underside of the conquest of the Americas (1492 as the true origin of modernity, not the Enlightenment); ethics from the standpoint of "the victim/the excluded." - **Sylvia Wynter — the "overreprese...

- **Bentham's Panopticon (1791)**: Architectural design for constant observation; prisoners self-police because they never know when they're being watched; Foucault used as metaphor for modern disciplinary society - **FBI/COINTELPRO (1956-71)**: Surveillance and disruption of civil rights, antiwar, ...